Money supply. Endogenous or exogenous variable? With reference to Iraq

The Endogenous or Exogenous Nature of Money Supply: Case of Iran

This paper investigates the endogenous money supply hypothesis in Iran. To this end, we attempt to find causality directions between bank credits and money aggregates. Utilizing Diks and Panchenko’s (2006) nonparametric Granger causality test for the time series data over the period 2006:04-2018:12 confirms the existence of a significant causality running from bank credits to money aggregates. ...

Endogenous supply of fiat money

We consider whether reputation concerns can discipline the behavior of a long-lived selfinterested agent who has a monopoly over the provision of fiat money. We obtain that when this agent can commit to a choice of money supply, there is a monetary equilibrium where it never overissues. We show, however, that such equilibria do not exist when there is no commitment. This happens because the inc...

Graph representation of balance sheets: from exogenous to endogenous money

Reference-Dependent Consumption with Endogenous Labor Supply

This paper investigates time-consistent plans by incorporating the reference-dependent consumption model with endogenous labor supply. To what extent these plans can help the consumer overcome the double self-control problems of over-consumption and late-retirement is discussed. The consumption level and labor supply of the preferred personal equilibrium solution are compared with those of ex-a...

Reference Pricing with Endogenous or Exogenous Payment Limits: Impacts on Insurer and Consumer Spending.

Reference pricing (RP) theories predict different outcomes when reference prices are fixed (exogenous) versus being a function of market prices (MPs) (endogenous). Exogenous RP results in MPs at both high-price and low-price firms converging towards the reference price from above and below, respectively. Endogenous RP results in MPs at both high-price and low-price firms decreasing, with low-pr...